diff --git a/src/transcription/config.py b/src/transcription/config.py
index aff7f74..3cb81b1 100644
--- a/src/transcription/config.py
+++ b/src/transcription/config.py
@@ -122,21 +122,43 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
             raise ValueError("PROVIDER_MODELS must contain at least one model")
         return value
 
-    @model_validator(mode="after")
-    def normalize_provider_models(self) -> "Settings":
-        """Build the immutable model selector with the configured default first."""
-        configured = self.provider_models
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def normalize_provider_models(cls, data: object) -> object:
+        """Build the immutable model selector with the configured default first.
+
+        This runs before field validation so the derived value is produced by
+        normal construction rather than by mutating a frozen instance.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(data, dict):
+            return data
+
+        default_model = data.get("provider_model") or DEFAULT_PROVIDER_MODEL
+        if not isinstance(default_model, str):
+            return data
+        default_model = default_model.strip()
+
+        configured = data.get("provider_models")
+        if configured is None:
+            configured = ()
+        elif isinstance(configured, str):
+            # Left as-is so the field validator can report the malformed value.
+            return {**data, "provider_model": default_model}
+        elif not isinstance(configured, (list, tuple)):
+            return {**data, "provider_model": default_model}
+        elif not configured:
+            # Preserved so validate_provider_models_input can reject it.
+            return {**data, "provider_model": default_model}
 
-        default_model = self.provider_model or DEFAULT_PROVIDER_MODEL
-        object.__setattr__(self, "provider_model", default_model)
-        ordered = (default_model, *configured)
         deduplicated: list[str] = []
-        for model in ordered:
+        for model in (default_model, *configured):
+            if not isinstance(model, str):
+                return {**data, "provider_model": default_model}
             normalized = model.strip()
             if normalized not in deduplicated:
                 deduplicated.append(normalized)
-        object.__setattr__(self, "provider_models", tuple(deduplicated))
-        return self
+
+        return {**data, "provider_model": default_model, "provider_models": tuple(deduplicated)}
 
     @property
     def should_bootstrap_schema(self) -> bool:
diff --git a/src/transcription/db/engine.py b/src/transcription/db/engine.py
index bae1490..3f8c03c 100644
--- a/src/transcription/db/engine.py
+++ b/src/transcription/db/engine.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from functools import cache
 from typing import Any
 
 from sqlalchemy import URL
@@ -39,8 +38,10 @@ def resolve_engine(settings: Settings | None = None) -> AsyncEngine:
     )
 
 
-@cache
-def get_engine(database_url: str, *, sqlite_check_same_thread: bool = False) -> AsyncEngine:
+_ENGINES: dict[str, AsyncEngine] = {}
+
+
+def _create_engine(database_url: str, *, sqlite_check_same_thread: bool) -> AsyncEngine:
     kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"echo": False, "pool_pre_ping": True}
     if database_url.startswith("sqlite"):
         kwargs["connect_args"] = {"check_same_thread": sqlite_check_same_thread}
@@ -50,12 +51,34 @@ def get_engine(database_url: str, *, sqlite_check_same_thread: bool = False) ->
     return create_async_engine(database_url, **kwargs)
 
 
+def get_engine(database_url: str, *, sqlite_check_same_thread: bool = False) -> AsyncEngine:
+    """Return the process-wide engine for ``database_url``, creating it on first use.
+
+    Engines are registered per URL so that disposing one leaves every other
+    database untouched.
+    """
+    engine = _ENGINES.get(database_url)
+    if engine is None:
+        engine = _create_engine(database_url, sqlite_check_same_thread=sqlite_check_same_thread)
+        _ENGINES[database_url] = engine
+    return engine
+
+
 async def dispose_engine(database_url: str) -> None:
-    engine = get_engine(database_url)
-    try:
+    """Dispose and unregister the engine for ``database_url`` only.
+
+    Unknown URLs are a no-op rather than provoking the creation of an engine
+    purely so that it can be thrown away.
+    """
+    engine = _ENGINES.pop(database_url, None)
+    if engine is not None:
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
+async def dispose_all_engines() -> None:
+    while _ENGINES:
+        _, engine = _ENGINES.popitem()
         await engine.dispose()
-    finally:
-        get_engine.cache_clear()
 
 
 async def refresh_engine(database_url: str) -> AsyncEngine:
diff --git a/src/transcription/db/models.py b/src/transcription/db/models.py
index abe19d5..54aa37a 100644
--- a/src/transcription/db/models.py
+++ b/src/transcription/db/models.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from datetime import UTC
 from datetime import date
 from datetime import datetime
 from enum import StrEnum
+from typing import Any
 from typing import Optional
 from uuid import UUID
 from uuid import uuid4
@@ -19,14 +20,32 @@ from sqlalchemy import Index
 from sqlalchemy import LargeBinary
 from sqlalchemy import UniqueConstraint
 from sqlalchemy import Uuid
+from sqlalchemy import inspect as sqlalchemy_inspect
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSONB
-from sqlalchemy.orm.exc import DetachedInstanceError
+from sqlalchemy.exc import NoInspectionAvailable
 from sqlalchemy.types import TypeDecorator
 from sqlmodel import Field
 from sqlmodel import Relationship
 from sqlmodel import SQLModel
 
 
+def _loaded_attribute(instance: object, attribute: str) -> Any | None:
+    """Return ``attribute`` only when it is already loaded on ``instance``.
+
+    Relationships in this module declare ``lazy="raise"``, so reading an
+    unloaded attribute is an error rather than a silent query. Callers that
+    render optional detail use this to distinguish "not loaded" from "absent"
+    without catching exceptions indiscriminately.
+    """
+    try:
+        state = sqlalchemy_inspect(instance)
+    except NoInspectionAvailable:
+        return None
+    if attribute in state.unloaded:
+        return None
+    return state.dict.get(attribute)
+
+
 class JSONBCompat(TypeDecorator):
     """JSONB for PostgreSQL and JSON for SQLite/testing backends."""
 
@@ -69,7 +88,10 @@ class DocumentType(SQLModel, table=True):
     normalized_label: str = Field(index=True, unique=True)
     is_active: bool = True
     created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC),
+        sa_column_kwargs={"onupdate": lambda: datetime.now(UTC)},
+    )
 
     documents: list["Document"] = Relationship(
         back_populates="document_type_ref", sa_relationship_kwargs={"lazy": "raise"}
@@ -87,7 +109,10 @@ class PersonRole(SQLModel, table=True):
     normalized_label: str = Field(index=True, unique=True)
     is_active: bool = True
     created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC),
+        sa_column_kwargs={"onupdate": lambda: datetime.now(UTC)},
+    )
 
     document_people: list["DocumentPerson"] = Relationship(
         back_populates="role_ref", sa_relationship_kwargs={"lazy": "raise"}
@@ -106,7 +131,10 @@ class Document(SQLModel, table=True):
     notes: str | None = None
     archive_identifier: str | None = None
     created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC),
+        sa_column_kwargs={"onupdate": lambda: datetime.now(UTC)},
+    )
 
     jobs: list["Job"] = Relationship(back_populates="document", sa_relationship_kwargs={"lazy": "raise"})
     sources: list["Source"] = Relationship(back_populates="document", sa_relationship_kwargs={"lazy": "raise"})
@@ -139,7 +167,10 @@ class Person(SQLModel, table=True):
         sa_column=Column("metadata", JSONBCompat(), nullable=True),
     )
     created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC),
+        sa_column_kwargs={"onupdate": lambda: datetime.now(UTC)},
+    )
 
     document_people: list["DocumentPerson"] = Relationship(
         back_populates="person", sa_relationship_kwargs={"lazy": "raise"}
@@ -156,7 +187,10 @@ class DocumentPerson(SQLModel, table=True):
     person_id: UUID = Field(foreign_key="person.id", index=True)
     role_id: UUID = Field(foreign_key="person_role.id", index=True)
     created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC),
+        sa_column_kwargs={"onupdate": lambda: datetime.now(UTC)},
+    )
 
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("document_id", "person_id", name="uq_document_person"),)
 
@@ -203,7 +237,10 @@ class Job(SQLModel, table=True):
         ),
     )
     date_created: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
-    date_updated: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
+    date_updated: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(UTC),
+        sa_column_kwargs={"onupdate": lambda: datetime.now(UTC)},
+    )
     provider: str | None = None
     model: str | None = None
     prompt_name: str | None = None
@@ -218,20 +255,15 @@ class Job(SQLModel, table=True):
 
     @property
     def filename(self) -> str:
-        """Return the filename of the associated source, when available."""
-        if not self.job_sources:
-            return "unknown"
-
-        for job_source in self.job_sources:
-            source = job_source.__dict__.get("source")
-            if source is None:
-                try:
-                    source = job_source.source
-                except DetachedInstanceError:
-                    source = None
-                except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
-                    source = None
+        """Return the filename of the first loaded source, when available.
 
+        Relationships on this model use ``lazy="raise"``, so this deliberately
+        inspects load state rather than triggering (or swallowing) a lazy load:
+        a read model that did not eager-load its sources gets "unknown" instead
+        of an unhandled error, and genuine errors are no longer hidden.
+        """
+        for job_source in _loaded_attribute(self, "job_sources") or ():
+            source = _loaded_attribute(job_source, "source")
             if source is not None:
                 return source.filename
 
@@ -240,10 +272,7 @@ class Job(SQLModel, table=True):
     @property
     def error_detail(self) -> str | None:
         """Return the first available source-level error detail for the job."""
-        if not self.job_sources:
-            return None
-
-        for job_source in self.job_sources:
+        for job_source in _loaded_attribute(self, "job_sources") or ():
             if job_source.error_detail:
                 return job_source.error_detail
 
diff --git a/src/transcription/db/session.py b/src/transcription/db/session.py
index 4007759..ffbe110 100644
--- a/src/transcription/db/session.py
+++ b/src/transcription/db/session.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
-from functools import cache
 from typing import Annotated
 
 from fastapi import Depends
@@ -17,13 +16,20 @@ from .engine import get_engine
 type SessionFactory = async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]
 
 
-@cache
+_SESSION_FACTORIES: dict[str, SessionFactory] = {}
+
+
 def get_session_factory(database_url: str) -> SessionFactory:
-    return async_sessionmaker(
-        bind=get_engine(database_url),
-        class_=AsyncSession,
-        expire_on_commit=False,
-    )
+    """Return the process-wide session factory for ``database_url``."""
+    factory = _SESSION_FACTORIES.get(database_url)
+    if factory is None:
+        factory = async_sessionmaker(
+            bind=get_engine(database_url),
+            class_=AsyncSession,
+            expire_on_commit=False,
+        )
+        _SESSION_FACTORIES[database_url] = factory
+    return factory
 
 
 def resolve_session_factory(
@@ -46,7 +52,8 @@ type SessionFactoryDep = Annotated[SessionFactory, Depends(resolve_session_facto
 
 
 async def dispose_session_factory(database_url: str) -> None:
-    get_session_factory.cache_clear()
+    """Drop the session factory and engine for ``database_url`` only."""
+    _SESSION_FACTORIES.pop(database_url, None)
     await dispose_engine(database_url)
 
 
diff --git a/src/transcription/services/documents.py b/src/transcription/services/documents.py
index bf32768..6fdd649 100644
--- a/src/transcription/services/documents.py
+++ b/src/transcription/services/documents.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging
 import shutil
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from datetime import UTC
 from datetime import date
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -207,7 +206,6 @@ class DocumentService(ServiceBase):
         """Update an existing document in the database."""
         async with self._session_scope(session) as _session:
             await self._validate_document_type(session=_session, document=document)
-            document.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             merged = await _session.merge(document)
             await self._finalize(session=_session, caller_session=session, refresh=(merged,))
             return merged
@@ -453,7 +451,6 @@ class DocumentService(ServiceBase):
             document = await self._read_document(session=_session, document_id=document_id)
             document.document_type_id = document_type_id
             await self._validate_document_type(session=_session, document=document)
-            document.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             await self._finalize(session=_session, caller_session=session, refresh=(document,))
             return document
 
diff --git a/src/transcription/services/jobs.py b/src/transcription/services/jobs.py
index c1789bb..09b7787 100644
--- a/src/transcription/services/jobs.py
+++ b/src/transcription/services/jobs.py
@@ -164,7 +164,6 @@ class JobService(ServiceBase):
             job.status = status
             if retry_count_increment:
                 job.retry_count += retry_count_increment
-            job.date_updated = datetime.now(UTC)
             await self._finalize(session=_session, caller_session=session, refresh=(job,))
             return job
 
@@ -196,7 +195,6 @@ class JobService(ServiceBase):
                 return None
 
             job.status = JobStatus.PROCESSING
-            job.date_updated = datetime.now(UTC)
             await self._finalize(session=_session, caller_session=session, refresh=(job,))
             return job
 
diff --git a/src/transcription/services/normalization.py b/src/transcription/services/normalization.py
index 15c3f25..bca3ae2 100644
--- a/src/transcription/services/normalization.py
+++ b/src/transcription/services/normalization.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import hashlib
 import io
 from dataclasses import dataclass
@@ -43,14 +44,16 @@ class OrientationNormalization:
     original_height: int
     derivative_width: int
     derivative_height: int
-
-    @property
-    def digest_sha256(self) -> str:
-        return hashlib.sha256(self.content).hexdigest()
+    # Computed eagerly by `normalize_orientation`, which already runs off the
+    # event loop, so callers never hash multi-megabyte derivatives inline.
+    digest_sha256: str
 
 
 def normalize_orientation(path: str | Path, *, media_type: str) -> OrientationNormalization | None:
-    """Physically apply supported EXIF rotation, returning None for a safe no-op."""
+    """Physically apply supported EXIF rotation, returning None for a safe no-op.
+
+    Blocking. Async callers must use :func:`normalize_orientation_async`.
+    """
     source_path = Path(path)
     if media_type not in {"image/jpeg", "image/png", "image/tiff"}:
         return None
@@ -88,8 +91,9 @@ def normalize_orientation(path: str | Path, *, media_type: str) -> OrientationNo
         ) from exc
 
     suffix = source_path.suffix.lower()
+    content = output.getvalue()
     return OrientationNormalization(
-        content=output.getvalue(),
+        content=content,
         media_type=media_type,
         suffix=suffix,
         original_orientation=orientation,
@@ -98,4 +102,15 @@ def normalize_orientation(path: str | Path, *, media_type: str) -> OrientationNo
         original_height=original_height,
         derivative_width=normalized.width,
         derivative_height=normalized.height,
+        digest_sha256=hashlib.sha256(content).hexdigest(),
     )
+
+
+async def normalize_orientation_async(path: str | Path, *, media_type: str) -> OrientationNormalization | None:
+    """Run :func:`normalize_orientation` off the event loop.
+
+    Pillow decode, transpose, and re-encode are CPU- and disk-bound and scale
+    with page size, so they must not run on the request or worker event loop
+    ([MED-01]).
+    """
+    return await asyncio.to_thread(normalize_orientation, path, media_type=media_type)
diff --git a/src/transcription/services/people.py b/src/transcription/services/people.py
index 68312a9..2e0e291 100644
--- a/src/transcription/services/people.py
+++ b/src/transcription/services/people.py
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import logging
 import re
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from datetime import UTC
-from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from uuid import UUID
@@ -134,7 +132,6 @@ class PeopleService(ServiceBase):
     async def update_person(self, person: Person, *, session: AsyncSession | None = None) -> Person:
         async with self._session_scope(session) as _session:
             person.family_search_id = normalize_family_search_id(person.family_search_id)
-            person.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             merged = await _session.merge(person)
             try:
                 await self._finalize(session=_session, caller_session=session, refresh=(merged,))
@@ -194,7 +191,6 @@ class PeopleService(ServiceBase):
                 role_id=document_person.role_id,
                 require_active=existing.role_id != document_person.role_id,
             )
-            document_person.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             merged = await _session.merge(document_person)
             return await self._finalize_link(session=_session, caller_session=session, link=merged)
 
@@ -378,7 +374,6 @@ class PeopleService(ServiceBase):
                 require_active=link.role_id != role_id,
             )
             link.role_id = role_id
-            link.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             return await self._finalize_link(session=_session, caller_session=session, link=link)
 
     async def remove_document_person_link(
@@ -450,7 +445,6 @@ class PeopleService(ServiceBase):
                     _session.add(existing)
                 elif existing.role_id != desired.role_id:
                     existing.role_id = desired.role_id
-                    existing.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
                 synchronized.append(existing)
 
             try:
diff --git a/src/transcription/services/registry.py b/src/transcription/services/registry.py
index ce1b271..8506872 100644
--- a/src/transcription/services/registry.py
+++ b/src/transcription/services/registry.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from datetime import UTC
-from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Any
 from uuid import UUID
 
@@ -200,7 +198,6 @@ class RegistryService[ModelT: SQLModel](ServiceBase):
             entry.label = self.normalize_label(label)
             entry.normalized_label = self.label_key(label)
             entry.is_active = is_active
-            entry.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             try:
                 await self._finalize(session=_session, caller_session=session, refresh=(entry,))
             except IntegrityError as exc:
diff --git a/src/transcription/services/sources.py b/src/transcription/services/sources.py
index a9fe2aa..f446e70 100644
--- a/src/transcription/services/sources.py
+++ b/src/transcription/services/sources.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ from .normalization import ORIENTATION_PRODUCER
 from .normalization import ORIENTATION_PRODUCER_VERSION
 from .normalization import ORIENTATION_SCHEMA
 from .normalization import ORIENTATION_SCHEMA_VERSION
-from .normalization import normalize_orientation
+from .normalization import normalize_orientation_async
 from .source_media import lookup_source_mime_type
 from .source_media import supported_source_formats
 
@@ -562,7 +562,6 @@ class SourceService(ServiceBase):
 
             job.provider = provider or job.provider or self.settings.provider.value
             job.model = model or job.model or _resolve_transcript_model(provider=self.provider, settings=self.settings)
-            job.date_updated = datetime.now(UTC)
             metadata_payload = _validate_transcription_metadata(ai_metadata)
             raw_response_payload = _validate_json_object(raw_api_response, field_name="raw_api_response")
 
@@ -779,7 +778,7 @@ class SourceService(ServiceBase):
         if len(payload_bytes) > self.settings.artifact_inline_threshold_bytes:
             relative_path = Path(str(source_id)) / f"{artifact_id}.json"
             external_path = self.settings.artifact_dir / relative_path
-            self._write_external_artifact(path=external_path, content=payload_bytes)
+            await asyncio.to_thread(self._write_external_artifact, path=external_path, content=payload_bytes)
             inline_payload = None
             external_reference = relative_path.as_posix()
         artifact = ProcessingArtifact(
@@ -825,7 +824,7 @@ class SourceService(ServiceBase):
         safe_suffix = suffix if suffix.startswith(".") and suffix[1:].isalnum() else ".bin"
         relative_path = Path(str(source_id)) / f"{artifact_id}{safe_suffix.lower()}"
         external_path = self.settings.artifact_dir / relative_path
-        self._write_external_artifact(path=external_path, content=content)
+        payload_sha256 = await asyncio.to_thread(self._write_and_digest_artifact, path=external_path, content=content)
         artifact = ProcessingArtifact(
             id=artifact_id,
             source_id=source_id,
@@ -836,7 +835,7 @@ class SourceService(ServiceBase):
             producer=producer,
             producer_version=producer_version,
             external_reference=relative_path.as_posix(),
-            payload_sha256=hashlib.sha256(content).hexdigest(),
+            payload_sha256=payload_sha256,
             byte_size=len(content),
             coordinate_metadata=coordinate_metadata,
         )
@@ -854,7 +853,7 @@ class SourceService(ServiceBase):
     ) -> ProviderInput:
         """Resolve original or physically orientation-normalized provider input."""
         media_type = source_mime_type(source.file_path)
-        normalized = normalize_orientation(source.file_path, media_type=media_type)
+        normalized = await normalize_orientation_async(source.file_path, media_type=media_type)
         if normalized is None:
             return ProviderInput(
                 path=Path(source.file_path),
@@ -909,6 +908,15 @@ class SourceService(ServiceBase):
             transformation=f"{ORIENTATION_SCHEMA}@{ORIENTATION_SCHEMA_VERSION}",
         )
 
+    def _write_and_digest_artifact(self, *, path: Path, content: bytes) -> str:
+        """Persist artifact bytes and return their digest in one off-loop hop.
+
+        Binary derivatives are page-sized, so hashing them belongs in the same
+        worker thread as the write rather than on the event loop ([MED-01]).
+        """
+        self._write_external_artifact(path=path, content=content)
+        return hashlib.sha256(content).hexdigest()
+
     def _write_external_artifact(self, *, path: Path, content: bytes) -> None:
         path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         temporary_path = path.with_suffix(f"{path.suffix}.tmp")
@@ -1205,7 +1213,9 @@ async def transcribe_document_image(
     """Transcribe a local image using the configured prompt and provider."""
     runtime_settings = settings or get_settings()
     if prompt_text is None:
-        prompt_execution = build_prompt_execution(prompt_name=prompt_name, settings=runtime_settings)
+        prompt_execution = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            build_prompt_execution, prompt_name=prompt_name, settings=runtime_settings
+        )
     else:
         effective_prompt_name = (prompt_name or runtime_settings.default_prompt_name or DEFAULT_PROMPT_FILE).strip()
         prompt_execution = PromptExecution(
@@ -1216,7 +1226,7 @@ async def transcribe_document_image(
             temperature=temperature if temperature is not None else runtime_settings.transcription_temperature,
             top_p=top_p if top_p is not None else runtime_settings.transcription_top_p,
         )
-    image_bytes, mime_type = load_source_payload(image_path)
+    image_bytes, mime_type = await asyncio.to_thread(load_source_payload, image_path)
 
     owns_adapter = provider is None
     adapter = provider or get_transcription_provider(settings=runtime_settings)
@@ -1333,7 +1343,10 @@ def validate_source_content(*, filename: str | Path, content: bytes) -> str:
 
 
 def load_source_payload(source_path: str | Path) -> tuple[bytes, str]:
-    """Read Source bytes and resolve MIME type from the canonical format policy."""
+    """Read Source bytes and resolve MIME type from the canonical format policy.
+
+    Blocking. Async callers must dispatch this through ``asyncio.to_thread``.
+    """
     path = Path(source_path)
 
     if not path.exists() or not path.is_file():
diff --git a/tests/services/test_normalization.py b/tests/services/test_normalization.py
index 3193145..32e696d 100644
--- a/tests/services/test_normalization.py
+++ b/tests/services/test_normalization.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from transcription.services import ServiceBundle
 from transcription.services.documents import DocumentService
 from transcription.services.jobs import JobService
 from transcription.services.normalization import normalize_orientation
+from transcription.services.normalization import normalize_orientation_async
 from transcription.services.sources import SourceService
 from transcription.services.workflows import process_queued_job
 
@@ -226,3 +227,18 @@ async def test_worker_sends_exact_derivative_and_links_attempt_evidence(
         "transcription_quality_warnings",
     }
     assert {artifact.execution_attempt_id for artifact in artifacts} == {attempts[0].id}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_wrapper_matches_sync_result_and_precomputes_digest(tmp_path):
+    """[MED-01]: Pillow work runs off the event loop and hashes its own output."""
+    path = tmp_path / "async-upside-down.jpg"
+    _write_oriented_jpeg(path, orientation=3)
+
+    result = await normalize_orientation_async(path, media_type="image/jpeg")
+    expected = normalize_orientation(path, media_type="image/jpeg")
+
+    assert result is not None
+    assert expected is not None
+    assert result.content == expected.content
+    assert result.digest_sha256 == hashlib.sha256(result.content).hexdigest()
diff --git a/tests/services/test_timestamps.py b/tests/services/test_timestamps.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc5d6fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/services/test_timestamps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+"""Phase 6 verification that modification timestamps advance automatically.
+
+Covers the `onupdate` change: `updated_at` / `date_updated` are now maintained
+by the ORM column default rather than by hand at each call site, so update paths
+that previously forgot to set them no longer report a stale timestamp.
+"""
+
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import pytest
+
+from transcription.db.models import Document
+from transcription.db.models import Job
+from transcription.db.models import JobStatus
+from transcription.db.models import Person
+from transcription.services.documents import DocumentService
+from transcription.services.jobs import JobService
+from transcription.services.people import PeopleService
+from transcription.services.people import PersonRoleRegistry
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_document_update_advances_updated_at(default_session_factory):
+    documents = DocumentService(session_factory=default_session_factory)
+    document = await documents.create_document(Document(id=uuid4(), name="timestamps"))
+    original = document.updated_at
+
+    document.name = "timestamps renamed"
+    updated = await documents.update_document(document)
+
+    assert updated.updated_at > original
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_person_update_advances_updated_at(default_session_factory):
+    people = PeopleService(session_factory=default_session_factory)
+    person = await people.create_person(Person(full_name="Grace Hopper"))
+    original = person.updated_at
+
+    person.full_name = "Rear Adm. Grace Hopper"
+    updated = await people.update_person(person)
+
+    assert updated.updated_at > original
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_registry_update_advances_updated_at(default_session_factory):
+    roles = PersonRoleRegistry(session_factory=default_session_factory)
+    role = await roles.create_entry(label="Witness")
+    original = role.updated_at
+
+    updated = await roles.update_entry(role.id, label="Chief Witness", is_active=True)
+
+    assert updated.updated_at > original
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_job_status_update_advances_date_updated(default_session_factory):
+    documents = DocumentService(session_factory=default_session_factory)
+    jobs = JobService(session_factory=default_session_factory)
+
+    document = await documents.create_document(Document(id=uuid4(), name="job-timestamps"))
+    job = await jobs.create_job(Job(document_id=document.id))
+    original = job.date_updated
+
+    updated = await jobs.update_job_state(job_id=job.id, status=JobStatus.PROCESSING)
+
+    assert updated.date_updated > original
diff --git a/tests/test_engine_registry.py b/tests/test_engine_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aed60c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_engine_registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""Phase 6 verification for the URL-keyed engine and session-factory registries.
+
+Covers [MED-04]: replacing `functools.cache` with an explicit registry so that
+disposing one database's engine cannot silently tear down every other one.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+
+from transcription.db.engine import dispose_engine
+from transcription.db.engine import get_engine
+from transcription.db.session import dispose_session_factory
+from transcription.db.session import get_session_factory
+
+URL_A = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///./.registry-test-a.db"
+URL_B = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///./.registry-test-b.db"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_distinct_urls_produce_distinct_engines_and_eviction_is_targeted():
+    engine_a = get_engine(URL_A)
+    engine_b = get_engine(URL_B)
+
+    assert engine_a is not engine_b
+    assert get_engine(URL_A) is engine_a
+
+    await dispose_engine(URL_A)
+
+    assert get_engine(URL_B) is engine_b, "disposing one URL must not evict the others"
+    assert get_engine(URL_A) is not engine_a, "the disposed URL must be rebuilt on demand"
+
+    await dispose_engine(URL_A)
+    await dispose_engine(URL_B)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disposing_an_unregistered_url_is_a_noop():
+    await dispose_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///./.registry-test-never-created.db")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_session_factory_eviction_is_targeted():
+    factory_a = get_session_factory(URL_A)
+    factory_b = get_session_factory(URL_B)
+
+    assert factory_a is not factory_b
+
+    await dispose_session_factory(URL_A)
+
+    assert get_session_factory(URL_B) is factory_b
+    assert get_session_factory(URL_A) is not factory_a
+
+    await dispose_session_factory(URL_A)
+    await dispose_session_factory(URL_B)